technology

CULTIVATION carp (Osphronemus gouramy)

Fri, 23 Dec 2011 11:57:11 +0100

1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF FARMING gourami

Carp is a species of freshwater fish consumption, wide flat body shape, the back and abdomen colored merahsawo berwarnakekuning-brass / silver. Carp is a family Anabantidae, descent and national Helostoma Labyrinthici. Carp waters originating from the Sundanese (West Java, Indonesia), and spread to Malaysia, Thailands, Ceylon and Australia. Carp growth is rather slow compared to other types of freshwater fish. In Indonesia, the Javanese call it carp, Gurameh, the Sumatran fish if, when, kalui, while in Kalimantan called Kalui. The English called it "Giant gouramy", due to their size until it reaches a weight of 5 kg.

2. FISHERIES CENTER

Regions in Indonesia that became centers of fisheries are: Sumatra, Java and NTB. While abroad, namely: Thailand, Japan and the Philippines.

3. TYPE

Classification of carp are as follows:
Class: Pisces
Sub Class: Teleostei
Order: Labyrinthici
Sub Order: Anabantoidae
Family: Anabantidae
Genus: Osphronemus
Species: Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede)

Type of carp that have been known to the public include: carp geese, carp Japan as, blausafir, paris, hybrid and porcelain. The last four has been developed in West Java, particularly the Bogor. Compared to other types of carp, porcelain is superior in producing eggs. If the parent hybrid in each nest only able to produce 2000-3000 eggs, porcelain capable of 10,000 items. Therefore, people are calling it a top of the pop, and at most favored.

4. BENEFITS

As a source of animal protein supply.

5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS

    Good soil for pond maintenance is the type of clay / loam, not pivot and contain enough humus. The soil type can hold a large mass of water and not leak so it can be made bund / pool wall.
    The slope of the land is good for making ponds ranged from 3-5% to facilitate irrigation pond by gravity.
    Carp can grow normally, if the location of maintenance at an altitude of 50-400 m above sea level.
    Water quality for maintenance of carp pond bottom should be clean and not muddy, not too muddy and not contaminated with toxic chemicals, and oil / waste plant.
    Pool with a depth of 70-100 cm and irrigation system that flows very well for the growth and physical development of carp. For maintenance has traditionally specialized in swimming, water discharge permitted was 3 liters / sec, while for the maintenance of a polyculture, the ideal flow of water is between 6-12 liters / sec.
    Water acidity (pH) is good is between 6.5 to 8.
    A good water temperature ranges between 24-28 degrees C.

6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

    Preparation Facility and Equipment
        Pool
        A common type of pond used in aquaculture carp, among others:
            Parent storage pool
            This pond serves to keep the parent in preparing for maturation of eggs and maintain the health of the mother, a swimming pool in the form of land which covers about 10 square meters, a minimum depth of 50 cm and density of the parent pool 20 females and 10 males.
            Spawning ponds
            Ground swimming pool that the width of 200/300 square feet and a tail carrier density ponds require 20-10 square meters (depending on the system of spawning). The requirement spawning pond is the water temperature ranges between 24-28 degrees C; depth of 75-100 cm of water; bottom of the pond should be sandy. Place the egg in the form of means of pasting injuk or twigs.
            Outdoor maintenance of seed / nursery pond
            Pond area not more than 50-100 square meters. Pond water depth between 30-50 cm. Density should be 50-50 tail / square meter. Long maintenance in the nursery pond / seedling between 3-4 weeks, when the fish seed measuring 3-5 cm.
            Swimming enlargement
            Rearing pond serves as a place to nurture and raise seed from the pool after the nursery. Sometimes this is necessary in the maintenance of some pond nets from 1.25 to 1.5 cm. Number of stocking of seedlings should be no more than 10 head / square meter.
            Swimming / place pemberokan
            Is the cleaning of fish prior to shipping As a way of making the pool are as follows:
                Measure of land 10 x 10 m (100 m 2).
                Make pematangnya with size; the top width of 0.5 m, the bottom 1 m and height 1 m.
                Install pipe / big bamboo for the income and expenditure of water. Adjust the high and low, so you can easily insert and remove the water.
                Cangkullah subgrade parent pool to loose, then flattened again. Soil will be soft after-watered, so that the holes will be covered soil, and water does not come out due to leak from the pores. Sloped bottom of the pool toward the exit of water.
                Make a channel in the middle of the parent pool, the water extending from the entrance to the exit. Channel width is 0.5 m and depth of 15 cm.
                Dry the pool master with 2 sacks of manure that is spread evenly, then entered the water. Let stand for 1 week, so crushed and fertilizer into the soil and forming moss, and test for leaks tidask pool. High water from 0.75 to 1 m.
        Equipment
        The tools commonly used in the business of carp hatcheries are: nets, waring (anco), hapa (box of nets / netting to hold while the parent or seed), seser, buckets, basins of various sizes, small scales ( grams) and large (Kg), hoes, sickles, knives and plates secchi (secchi disc) to measure levels of turbidity. While other equipment used to harvest / catch carp include Warring / scoopnet smooth, sieve panglembangan diameter of 100 cm, diameter 5 cm penandean sieve, place the fish store, kemplung cages, cages kupyak, fish bus (to transport the fish at close range ), kekaban (egg attachment to the place which is attached), hapa tricote of cloth (for hatching eggs in a controlled manner) or sometimes to arrest seed, sieve penyabetan of aluminum / bamboo, oblok / delok (for transporting seed), sirib ( to capture the seed size of 10 cm or more), anco / hanco (for fishing), lambit of nylon nets (to catch fish consumption), scoopnet (to catch fish aged one week or more), seser (point = scoopnet, but its size larger), rectangular-shaped nets (to catch the parent fish or fish consumption).
    Nurseries
        Parent Selection
        The characteristics of a good parent carp are as follows:
            Has the nature of rapid growth.
            Normal body shape (ratio of length and weight).
            Relatively small head size
            Orderly arrangement of scales, smooth, bright colors and shiny and tidakluka.
            Normal movement and agile.
            Sepertipisang beautiful lip shape, small-mouthed and not bearded.
            Aged between 2-5 years.
            As for the characteristics to distinguish the male and female parent were as follows:
                Female
                    Meninjol forehead.
                    Basic pectoral fin blackish dark light.
                    Brownish white chin.
                    If placed on a flat tail just twitched.
                    If the stomach does not secrete fluid distriping.
                Male
                    Prominent forehead.
                    Basic pectoral fin whitish light.
                    Yellow chin.
                    If placed on a flat tail will go up.
                    If the stomach distriping white sperm discharge.
        Maintenance of mains
        Parent-parent chosen (20-30 tail to the pool area of 10 m 2) is stored in main storage pool. Give food for the shelter. For any parent with a weight of between 2-3 kg were fed leaves as much as 1 / 3 kg per day in the afternoon. Bran supplement in the form of finely brewed hot water given 2 times a week with a dose of 1 / 2 blekminyak ground every time gift.
        Seeding
        When the ripening process Gonada (bladder egg and sperm) in the pool shelter has reached its peak, the parent immediately included in the spawning pond. As for how pemijjahan carp are as follows:
            Pond dried first for 5 days, fix the levee and the bottom of the pool.
            Do liming and fertilizing. Basic fertilization with manure doses of 7.5 kg/100 square meters and let stand for 3 days.
            Tanami bottom of the pond with algae plants anjng tail
            Fill water mixed with artificial fertilizers TSP gram/100 sebantak 500 square meters, let stand for 1 week and then fill the water to a depth of 75 cm.
            For the pond area of 100 square meters can be deployed parent as much as 30 females and 10 males. After spawning, the female parent 1-2 days will release its eggs into the nest sprayed later times by the male sperm that fertilized the egg. 20-30 days later, the parent-parent well maintained will spawn again and a few days later the eggs will hatch.
        Maintenance of Seedlings
        The seeds that have been aged 1-2 months since the hatch can be raised in nursery ponds or disawah as penyelang. In the implementation of the nursery is done drying ponds or rice fields, fertilizing, repairing dikes and filter installation or repair of the pipes at the door of income or expenditure of water. After preparation is complete, the seed sown with a density of 30 fish / square meter with a size of 5-10 cm seed in nursery ponds. Foods that can be given during maintenance are termites or leaves that have been softened with a dose of 20-30% body weight on average. Bran supplement in the form of finely brewed hot water is given 1 time a week with a dose of 1 tin of kerosene to 100 fry. The length of nursery about 1-2 months.
    Maintenance Enlargement
        Maintenance of enlargement can be done in polyculture and monoculture.
            Polyculture
            Dipeliharan common carp fish Tawes, carp, nilem, tilapia or catfish. This method is more advantageous due to the growth of carp is quite slow.
            Monoculture
            On the maintenance of its own carp, which spread the seeds must be at least 2 months old. Spreading the seeds of 500 tails (size 10-15 cm) required extensive pool of about 1500 square feet
        Fertilization
        Fertilization can be done with chemicals and manure. In general, fertilization only done one time in any maintenance, with a view to enhance the natural food for pets. The first stage of fertilization performed at the time the pool is drained. At this time a given fertilizer is manure as much as 7.5 kg per 100 m 2 ponds, water left little by little until it reaches a height of 10 cm and left for 3 days. In the next phase of fertilization is done using artificial fertilizers such as TSP or urea as much as 500 grams for every 100 m 2 pond. The second provision of fertilizer is spread out evenly into bottom and corners of each pond.
        Giving Feed
        Staple food of carp in the form of pellets which can be nourished, but in areas that are somewhat difficult to obtain pellets, leaves are an excellent alternative for food fish, such as: papaya, taro, cassava, genjer, purse, kale, sweet potatoes potatoes, cucumbers, pumpkins and dadap. Regular feeding with high quality and quantity can improve the growth of fish body more quickly. Parent-parent carp healthy and secure food can dipijahkan twice a year for 5 consecutive years.
        Maintenance Outdoor / Pond
        After every harvest, the pool is cleaned / drained. after fertilization was done in order to affect the fertility of the pond, so that when the seed is spread, the fertility of fish will be assured and rapid growth of fish.

7. Pests and diseases

    Disease
    Disorders that can cause fish kills is a disease called non parasiter disease and disease caused by parasites. Disturbances can be a non parasiter water pollution such as the presence of toxic gases in the form of sulfuric acid or ammonia; damage caused by the arrest or abnormalities of the body due to heredity. Abatement is to detect the state of ponds and fish behavior. It takes knowledge and experience enough to know it. sick fish usually becomes thin and slow movements. Other disorders of parasiter disease, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and various other microorganisms. If the fish are exposed to diseases caused by parasites, can be recognized as follows:
        Diseases of the skin; in certain parts of red, especially in the chest, abdomen and base of the fin.
        Diseases of the gills; gill cover extends. Gazette gills become pale, sometimes seems a tinge of red and gray
        Diseases of the internal organs; swollen belly of the fish, scales stand. Prevention of this disease can be done by lifting the fish and do a drying pond a few days for parasites in all stages of death. Parasites attached to the body of the fish can be weeded out with tweezers. Treatment for fish that have been quite memprihatikan circumstances, can be done using chemicals such as:
            Treatment with Potassium Permanganate (PK)
                Provide water wells or other sources of clean water in tanks in accordance with the weight of the fish to be treated.
                Make a solution of 2 PK gram/10 sdt/100 liter or 1.5 l of water.
                Soak the fish that will be treated in the solution for 30-60 minutes with supervised continuously.
                If you have not healed completely, re-treatment can be done 3 or 4 days later.
            Treatment with Neguvon. Fish immersed in a solution of neguvon with 2 to 3.5% for 3 mernit. For liberation rantasan parasites in the pool, the material is dissolved in water to a concentration of 0.1% Neguvon then splashed into the pond that has been dried. Let stand for 2 days.
            Treatment with salt. This is done in rural areas that are difficult to get chemicals. Here's how:
                prepare a container filled with clean water. every 100 cc of water mixed with 1-2 grams (NaCl), stirred until smooth;
                diseased fish soaked in the solution. But because the drug is dangerous, just 5-10 minutes long immersion course.
                After the fish were immediately transferred to a clean container containing water to be moved further back into the pond;
                re-treatment can be performed 3-4 days later in the same way.
    Pest
    For carp seed is the main enemy of the disruption of wild fish / predators and some species of fish as pets Tawes, carp and Sepat. Another enemy is the monitor lizards, frogs, snakes and various birds of prey.

8. HARVEST

    Arrest
    Harvesting the seeds can be carried out after 1 month old seedlings. The trick with a little water dampen the temporary entry of water channels is minimized. Put a soft net expenditure on the door to accommodate the seed or it could be to dig a trench in the middle of the pond toward the hole expenditure. Well-preserved seeds can reach weights of 0.3 grams / fish at the time of harvest. Harvesting of carp very tersantung enlargement of the requested size of consumers. Harvesting is generally carried out after 2-3 years old fish, fish that were 2 years old has a length of about 25 cm and weighs 0.3 kg / head, while for 3-year-old fish about 35 cm in length and weight of 0.7 kg / head . For 4-year-old fish can reach 40 cm in length and weighs 1.5 kg / head. As for how to capture: disurutkan water little by little, arrests were made in the morning. Avoid catching the fish that can cause injury.
    Cleaning
    After the water receded, the seeds were herded into small plots. Then diserok and put in a harvest basket. Harvest time is usually not only carp are caught, so before the fish put into the pool pemberokan, must be selected and cleaned first. Cleaning seeds for 1 day. objective that the fish was not drunk when transported to the market. The duration of the cleaning tailored to the size of the seed.

9. Postharvest

    Handling of live fish
    Sometimes fish consumption will be more expensive when sold alive. Things to consider in order to fish up to the consumer alive, fresh and healthy include:
        In the transport of water use a low temperature around 20 degrees C.
        Transportation time should be in the morning or evening.
        The number density of fish in transportation equipment is not too dense.
    Handling of fresh fish
    Fresh fish is a product of rapid mas down quality. Things to consider to maintain freshness, among others:
        The arrest must be done carefully so the fish are not injured.
        Before being packed, the fish should be washed clean and mucus.
        Containers should be clean and enclosed carriers. To transport a short distance (2 hours drive), can be used baskets lined with banana leaves / plastics. For long distance transportation of used boxes and corrugated iron or fiberglass. Box of 50 kg maximum capacity with a maximum of 50 cm high box.
    Fish placed in containers or iced with a temperature of 6-7 degrees C.
    Use ice in the form of small pieces (ice detached) with a ratio of the amount of ice and fish = 1:1. Basic coated box 4-5 cm thick ice. Then the fish arranged on top of this ice layer 5-10 cm thick, then followed by a layer of ice again and so on. Between fish with a wall box or iced, as well as between fish with a lid. While the things that need to be considered in pananganan postharvest seed are as follows:
        The seeds of a healthy fish should be chosen that is free from disease, parasites and not disabled. After that, the new fish seed is inserted into a plastic bag (closed system) or cage (open systems).
        Water transport media used should be clean, healthy, free of pests and diseases and other organic materials. As an example can be used well water that has been aerated overnight.
        Before the fish must be transported seeds diberok advance for several days. Use the pemberokan A bath containing water and with good aeration. Pemberokan tub can be made with a size of 1 mx 1 m or 2 mx 0.5 m. By that measure, the tub can accommodate seed pemberokan goldfish tail number 5000-6000 with the size of 3-5 cm. The number of seeds in pemberokan should be adjusted to the size of the seed.
        Based on the long / distance delivery, the transport system of the seed is divided into two parts, namely:
            Open system
            Made to transport the seeds in close proximity or do not require a long time. Conveyance in the form of cages. Each cage can be filled with 15 liters of clean water and be able to transport about 5000 fry 3-5 cm in size.
            Closed system
            Performed for long-distance transport of seeds which may take more than 4-5 hours, using a plastic bag. The volume of transport medium consisting of 5 liters of water a given buffer Na2 (HPO) 4.1H2O as much as 9 grams. Method of packing fish seed are transported in plastic bags:
                put clean water into a plastic bag and then the seed;
                remove the air by pressing the plastic bag into the water;
                stream of oxygen from a tube is passed into a plastic bag as much as 2 / 3 volume of the entire cavity (water: oxygen = 1:2);
                plastic bags and tied.
                plastic bag inserted into dos with longitudinal position or put to sleep. Dos is a length of 0.50 m, width 0.35 m, 0.50 m high and can be filled with 2 pieces of plastic bags.
                Some things to note when the seeds reached their destination is as follows:
                    Prepare a 25 ppm solution of tetracycline in the basin (1 capsule tertasiklin in 10 liters of clean water).
                    Open the plastic bag, add water from local ponds gradually to changes in water temperature in a plastic bag occurred slowly.
                    Transfer the fish to a basin containing a solution of tetracycline for 1-2 minutes.
                    Put fish into a bath pemberokan. In the tub pemberokan fish fed sufficiently. In addition, treatment with tetracycline 25 ppm for 3 consecutive days. Besides tetrsikli can also be used other drugs such as KMnO4 as much as 20 ppm or 4% formalin for 3-5 minutes.
                    After 1 week of quarantine, stocking fish in pond aquaculture.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARMING

10.1. Cultivation of Business Analysis

Approximate analysis for cultivation of carp ponds during the first six months in West Java in 1999 are as follows:

    Cost of production
        6 ponds land lease @ Rp. 80,000, -/month Rp. 480 000, -
        4000 seeds per pond tail @ $ 150, - USD. 3.6 million, -
        Feed
            Postal per pond 7 sacks @ Rp 10.000, - USD. 420 000, -
            Rambo 5 sacks per pond @ Rp 2.500, - USD. 75.000, -
        Drug
            Super tetra per pond 2 tablets @ Rp 1,000 - Rp 12,000, -
        Labor 2 OH @ Rp 20.000, - USD. 40.000, -
        Others (maintenance) Rp. 460 700, -
        Total production costs Rp. 5,089,700, -
    Receipts per pond tail 4000 @ Rp. 400, - USD. 9.6 million, -
    Profit of Rp. 4,510,300, -
    Feasibility parameters: B / C ratio = 1.89

10.2. Opportunity Overview Agribusiness

Raising carp, has a very high economic value. besides the taste is delicious and tender, these fish also liked a lot of people. It was a tradition in every kendurian, carp dish has always been the main requirement. Besides taste, the treatment is not too difficult and costly, so many fish farmers began to idolize, cultivate this fish, because the price of each seed is cheap to produce a profit of 3 times the price of seed. Prices of carp on the market varies greatly depending on the weight of the fish. Carp, weighing 1.5 kg can be reached at Rp 6,000-Rp 8,000 depending on the circumstances at the time.

11. REFERENCES

    Rusdi, Taufiq. Fish farming Gurame. New York: CV. simplex, 1987
    Sitanggang, M. Gurame cultivation. London: Self-Help Publishers, 1999
    ____________. Clipping Gurame Fish collection. New York: Poster, 1997

12. CONTACT RELATIONS

Rural Community Economic Development Project - BAPPENAS; Jl.Sunda Coconut No.. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829

Sources: Rural Community Economic Development Project, Bappenas

Dairy cattle breeding techniques

Wed, 21 Dec 2011 09:38:36 +0100

1. The history of dairy farm

Cattle are the most important livestock as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cows produce about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world, 95% of milk and 85% of the skin. Cattle originating from the family Bovidae. such as bison, bison, water buffalo (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and the anoa.

Domestication of cattle began to be about 400 years BC. Cattle are thought to originate from Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India put the island of Sumba and since then the island was used as a place of pure Ongole cattle breeding.

In 1957 has been done to improve the genetic quality of cattle by road Madura cattle crossed with Red Deen. Other crosses between local cattle namely (Peranakan Ongole) with Holstein Frisian dairy cows at Grati in order to obtain a new type of dairy cows according to the climate and conditions in Indonesia.

2. FISHERIES CENTER

Sentra cattle farm in the world exist in European countries (Scotland, England, Denmark, France, Switzerland, The Netherlands), Italy, America, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows for example, is famous for its high milk production (+ 6350 kg / yr), with milk fat percentage of around 3-7%. However, these dairy cows are capable of producing up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the seeds are used, fed in accordance with the needs of livestock, the environment that support and implement cultivation with good management. Currently the world's milk production reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in the temperate zone. Production of dairy cows in the PSPB is still less than 10 liters / day and far from normal standards of 12 liters / day (on average only 5-8 liters / day).

3. TYPE

Broadly speaking, the nations of the cow (Bos) contained in the world there are two, namely (1) those derived from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or type of humped cattle, which originated and spread in the tropics and (2) group from the Bos primigenius, which spread in sub-tropical regions, or better known as Bos Taurus.

Superior type of dairy cows and most widely cultivated Shorhorn cows (from England), Holstein Friesian (from Holland), Yersey (from the Channel between England and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). The survey results in PSPB Cibinong indicate that the type of dairy cows are most suitable and profitable for cultivation in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.

4. BENEFITS

Dairy farms produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic farmland.

5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS

The ideal location to build the enclosure is an area which is located quite far from the settlement but easily reached by vehicle. Cages should be separated from homes with a minimum distance of 10 feet and the sun should be able to penetrate the stable yard and close to agricultural land. Manufacturing can be done in groups in the middle of rice fields.

6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment

Cages can be made in the form of double or single, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement of cattle carried on one line or one line, while that of type double cage placement conducted in two ranks facing each other or mutually contradictory. Between the two ranks are usually made to the road lane.

Making cages for fattening purposes (kereman) if the capacity is usually in the singular number only a few livestock. However, if the activity is intended for commercial cattle, the size of the cage should be wider and bigger so it can accommodate more number of cows. Floor of the cage should be sought kept clean to prevent the onset of various diseases. The floor is made of solid soil or cement, and easily cleaned from manure. Ground floor was covered with dry straw as a warm base enclosure.

All parts of the cage and equipment that had been used should be consecrated hamakan advance with a disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the cage is made for an adult bull is 1.5 m or 2.5 x2 x2 m, while for adult cows was 1.8 m and x2 for the calf enough x1 1.5 m per cow, with a height of 2-2 +, 5 m from the ground. The temperature around 25-40 degrees C cages (average of 33 degrees C) and
humidity of 75%. Location of maintenance can be performed on the lowlands (100-500 m) to highland (> 500 m).

6.2. Nurseries

The requirements to be met by adult female dairy cattle seeds are:

    high milk production,
    3.5 to 4.5 years of age and had been childless,
    derived from the parent and offspring of bulls that have high milk production,
    like a wedge shape,
    his eyes glowing, back straight, good head shape, the distance of the front legs or rear legs wide enough and strong legs,
    udder is large enough, convergence on the body is quite good, if palpable soft, smooth skin, veins much milk, the long and winding, nipples no more than 4, is located in a symmetrical square and not too short,
    healthy body and not as carriers of infectious diseases, and
    give birth each year.

While holding a good candidate, among others:

    derived from the parent that produces high breast milk,
    head and neck a little long, sharp shoulders, a long body, back and hips, chest deep and wide hips,
    distance between the two hind legs and front legs wide enough,
    the growth of good udder and nipples,
    number of nipples no more than 4 and is located symmetrically, and
    healthy and not disabled.

A good stud should meet the following criteria:

    age of about 4-5 years,
    have high fertility,
    Power down high production trait to their children,
    derived from the male parent and a good,
    large body according to age, strong, and has the properties of a good stud,
    wide head, large neck, waist width, strong backs,
    face a little long, slightly sharp and broad shoulders,
    thigh flat and quite separately,
    chest width and spacing between ribs is wide enough,
    body length, chest deep, chest circumference and a large abdominal circumference, and
    healthy, free from infectious diseases and does not reduce defects in the offspring.

Procedure:

    Seed Selection and Prospective Parent
    To pursue the high productivity of livestock, environmental improvements and increase the genetic quality of livestock is concerned. Seeds of the new arrivals should be quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seedlings were given drinking water mixed with salt, placed in clean cages and were weighed and recorded performance.
    Seed treatment and Prospective Parent
    The whole virgin dairy cow that has not shown signs of lust or not pregnant after a certain period, should be set aside. If a cow has been set aside to produce milk, cow milk production were selected based on the return, the tendency inflamed udder and temperament.
    System Pemuliabiakan
    Often dairy cows mated with virgin males broilers to reduce the risk of birth difficulty and only after they produce children one male mated with a choice of dairy cows. Seedlings should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours every day.

6.3. Maintenance

    Sanitation and Preventive Actions
    On the maintenance of intensive cattle ranchers are caged so easy to watch, while maintaining extensive oversight difficult because the cows are allowed to live freely maintained. Dairy cows are kept in the shade (the room) has a conception of higher production (19%) and milk production 11% more than without shade. Diseased seedlings and seedlings treated immediately because the midwife before kandangkan dried for 1-2 months.
    Animal Care
    Livestock bathed 2 days. Whole cow's mother bathed every day after the cage is cleaned before milking and milk. Cages should be cleaned every day, dirt cage placed on a special reservoir that can be processed into fertilizer. After the cage is cleaned, the floors should be given a mattress as flooring are generally made of straw or forage feed remnants (mattress once a week should be dismantled). Weighing do since beef calf to adulthood. Cow calf weighed once a week while adult cattle were weighed every month or 3 months. Newly weaned cows were weighed once a month. Adult cattle can be weighed by the estimated measurement based on the circumference and chest width, body length and shoulder height.
    Giving Feed
    Feeding the cows can be done in three ways, namely:
        grazing systems (pasture fattening)
        kereman (dry lot fattening)
        combination of first and second ways.
        Feed given in the form of forage and concentrates. Forage in the form of rice straw, sugarcane shoots, lamtoro, alfalfa, grass, grass or grass king of Bengal. Given forage during the day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Grass for cattle feed in the form of adult
        generally given as much as 10% of body weight (BW) and the additional feed as much as 1-2% of baseline. Cows who are breastfeeding (lactation) require additional food by 25% forage and concentrates in the rations. In the form of fresh grass forage should be added to the type of beans (legumes).
        Sources of refined carbohydrates in the form of bran or rice bran, pulp, cassava, and coconut cake and minerals (as reinforcement) in the form of table salt, lime, etc.. Feeding of concentrate should be given in the morning and afternoon before the cows were milked as much as 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cow should be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per day.
        The main maintenance is the provision of adequate and quality feed, and keep clean the cage and livestock health. Kereman feeding is combined with grazing in the early dry season, cattle grazed each day. In the rainy season, cattle are caged and given food by rations. Grazing also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cows to strengthen his legs.
    Cage Maintenance
    Dirt dumped elsewhere in order to undergo a process of fermentation (+1-2 weeks) and turn into manure that has been cooked and good. Cowshed should not be closed tightly (slightly open) for air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water should be available at all times. Place food and drink should be made outside of the cage but still below the roof. Feeder is made somewhat higher in order to feed given not trampled or mixed with dirt. While the drinking water should be made permanent cement tanks and slightly higher than the surface of the floor. Also provide equipment for bathing cattle.

7. Pests and diseases

7.1. Disease

    Anthrax
        Cause: Bacillus anthracis is transmitted through direct contact, food / beverage or breathing.
        Symptoms:
            high fever, weakness and trembling;
            respiratory disorders;
            swelling of the glands chest, neck, genitals and body full of sores;
            sometimes dark red blood that comes out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
            liquid manure and is often mixed with blood;
            spleen was swollen and blackish in color.
        Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cattle and bury / burn the dead cow.
    Foot and mouth disease (FMD) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
        Cause: The virus is transmitted through direct contact with urine, breast milk, saliva and other objects contaminated with germs AE.
        Symptoms:
            oral cavity, tongue, and soles of the feet or blisters tracak round and there are fluid-filled bumps that clear;
            cold or heat, body temperature dropped dramatically;
            decreased appetite would not even eat at all;
            out excessive salivation.
        Control: vaccination and the sick cow was exiled and treated separately.
    Disease snoring / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
        Cause: Pasturella multocida bacteria. Transmission through contaminated food and beverages bacteria.
        Symptoms:
            scalp and mucous membranes of the tongue swollen, red and blue;
            neck, anus, and vulva swells;
            inflamed lungs, mucous membranes of the intestines and stomach sour and dark red;
            fever and difficulty breathing so that similar people are snoring. In very severe circumstances, the cow will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
        Control: vaccination anti-SE and given antibiotics or sulfa.
    Inflammatory disease of the nail or nail rot (foot rot)
        This disease attacks the cattle are kept in a cage, wet and dirty.
        Symptoms:
            initial swelling around the nail cracks and cloudy white discharge;
            skin peeling nails;
            growing lump that is painless;
            lame cows and finally could be paralyzed.

7.2. Attack Prevention

Prevention and treatment efforts made by cutting nails and soak the affected part in the solution refanol repeated for 30 minutes once a week and put the cattle in pens clean and dry.

8. HARVEST

8.1. Main Results

The main result of the cultivation of dairy cows is the milk produced by female parent.

8.2. By-product

In addition to milk of dairy cows also provide other results of flesh and skin that comes from cows that are not productive and manure generated from livestock manure.

9. Postharvest: ...

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FARMING

10.1. Cultivation of Business Analysis

Dairy cattle business in Indonesia is still a subsistence by a small breeder and have not reached economic-oriented business. The low level of productivity of livestock is more due to lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that includes aspects of reproduction, feeding, management of post-harvest results, the implementation of recording systems, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. In addition farmers' knowledge about aspects of trade system should be improved so that the benefits worth the maintenance. Production of dairy cows in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th with the level of cattle sales and the product is greater than the calf, males, and cow afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchases in cash cow and its products reached 13% of all farms in the world. While the level of sales calf (calf), stud dairy cattle, and cow salvage only around 3%. Milk production number that still need to be increased in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve high production levels of the management and feeding should be strictly in accordance with the needs of livestock, which feed the minimum that can be utilized by livestock (absorbed) cultivated around 3.5 to 4% of dry matter

10.2. Opportunity Overview Agribusiness

Family dairy farm businesses provide benefits if the number of cattle that are at least as much as 6 tails, although the level of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 pengusahaannya tails with an average milk production of 15 liters / day. Efforts to increase farmers' income through the cultivation of dairy cows may also be done by diversifying the business. In addition to cooperative and integrative attempts (horizontal and vertical) with other farmers and other agencies who are competent, and remained above the established pattern of PIR.

11. REFERENCES

    Anonymous. []. Guidelines for dairy cattle breeding. Navan, Central Cattle Breeding and Food Livestock forage. 2 things. (Brochure).
    Anonymous. 1983. Instructions means the use of livestock medicines. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Animal Husbandry Department. 12 things.
    Anonymous. 1988. Condition of the dairy farm and milk quality on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
    Anonymous. 1988. Milking, a determining factor for the amount of milk. Self-Help Livestock Indonesia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
    Anonymous. 1988. Efforts to improve the welfare of farmers melaluipeningkatan production efficiency. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
    Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Self spreader. 73 things.
    Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc..: 278-279.
    Djaja, William. 1988. Clean and healthy living on a dairy farm. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
    Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Cattle business. Yogyakarta, Canisius. 43 things.
    Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Maryland Baltimore, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
    Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
    Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Life Science Center's master plan-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
    Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling of dairy cattle during the dry? Self-Help Livestock Indonesia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
    Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Livestock production affects environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, the American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
    Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38; 133.
    Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development of Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development: 15-26.
    Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Science of Livestock. Semarang, Faculty of Animal UNDIP. 63 things.
    Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price of milk. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.

12. CONTACT RELATIONS

    Rural Community Economic Development Project - Coconut No. Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
    Office of State Minister for Research and Technology, Deputy Minister for Administrative and Correctional Science, BPPT II Building, 6th Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id

Sources: Rural Community Economic Development Project, Bappenas...

FRUITS extractor machine

Wed, 21 Dec 2011 09:18:49 +0100

Here is the design of the extractor FRUIT MACHINE

1. FUNCTION: Destroying fruit at once separate them from seed.

2. HOW TO WORK

     Materials incorporated into the funnel shelter.
     Turn on the electric motor by pressing the ON button.
     Motor will rotate danmemisahkan between seeds and fruit.
     After work, cleaning tools so durable.

3. SPECIFICATIONS

     Dimension tool: L = 50 cm; T = 110 cm cylindrical A = 26 cm B = 46 cm cylindrical
     Weight: ---
     Driving force: EM 2 HP drive motor, 980 RPM
     Work capacity: ---
     Operator: 1 person
     Material: Stainless Steel

4. CONTACT RELATIONS

Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI; Jl. KS. No. Tubun. 5 Subang; Tel. / Fax. (0260) 417348, 411478
Jakarta, March 2001

Sources: Rural Technology Tools Product Specifications, Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI

BOTTLE CLOSING machine (BKD)

Wed, 21 Dec 2011 07:34:58 +0100

1. FUNCTION

To close the bottle how to screw.

2. HOW TO WORK

1) Bottles prepared cover in place.
2) Adjust the position / height of the bottle by pressing the foot pedal dampai
bottle up to the lid.
3) Rotate the crank clockwise until the cover lid tightly closed.
4) Lower the bottle to release the lid.

3. SPECIFICATIONS

1) Dimensions of device: P = 56 cm L = 46 cm T = 153 cm ..
2) Weight: ---
3) Power drive: Manual
4) Work capacity: 100 bottles / hour
5) Operator: 1 person
6) Material: gears, angle steel, aluminum

4. CONTACT RELATIONS

Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI; Jl. KS. No. Tubun. 5 Subang; Tel. / Fax. (0260) 417348, 411 478 Jakarta, March 2001

SOURCE

Rural Technology Tools Product Specifications, Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI

Popcorn maker machine

Wed, 21 Dec 2011 07:01:04 +0100

The following design popcorn machine.

1. FUNCTION

Blow up the corn grain (rice) at a certain pressure that results can be processed again to snacks.

2. HOW TO WORK

     Material receptacle tube heated for 15 minutes in advance.
     Enter the corn into the reservoir tube for about 6 minutes, adjusting the pressure in accordance with the needs of the types of materials used (corn or rice, which used different pressures).
     Sacks receptacle mounted on the tube popped popcorn equipment containing material ready to process. Once everything is ready, close the tube is opened and the material was processed into popcorn. Note: when the cap tube is opened, there will be a loud explosion.
     After work, cleaning tools so durable.

3. SPECIFICATIONS

     Dimension tool: P = 80 cm L = 40 cm T = 60 cm
     Weight: 90 kg
     Driving force: Stove oil
     Work capacity: 6 kg / hr.
     Operator: 2 persons
     Material: steel concrete, steel plate, stove, pump.

4. CONTACT RELATIONS

Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI; Jl. KS. No. Tubun. 5 Subang; Tel. / Fax. (0260) 417348, 411 478 Jakarta, March 2001

Sources: Rural Technology Tools Product Specifications, Section Project Appropriate Technology, Appropriate Technology Development Center, LIPI